BOOK CHAPTER: Ontological Politics of the Resource Frontier: A Hydrosocial Analysis of the Mekong River in Northern Thailand

Publication date: November 2022

Publication: Extracting Development: Contested Resource Frontiers in Mainland Southeast Asia

Chapter title: Ontological Politics of the Resource Frontier: A Hydrosocial Analysis of the Mekong River in Northern Thailand

Authors: Thianchai Surimas and Carl Middleton

Editors: Oliver Tappe and Simon Rowedder

See more details on the book here.

In this chapter, in the context of the severe drought of 2019 and 2020, we examine the resource politics of the Mekong River in Northern Thailand as revealed through the practices, narratives, and knowledge productions of several competing networks that shape the Mekong River as a resource frontier. These include the community and civil society movement led Ing Peoples Council, and the intergovernmental Mekong River Commission and the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation. Our conceptual approach reflects the growing recognition of the heterogeneity of water cultures and histories (or ‘water worlds’) in recent academic literature, and the multiple ontologies of water that underpin them. This leads to our interest in how resource politics at the resource frontier reveal an enactment of multiple ontologies and their ontological politics, whereby human actors compete to further their own interests by naturalizing their ontology while marginalizing others. Overall, we argue that politics at the resource frontier are ontological politics contesting the very meaning of the Mekong River and its future form, be it as embedded in and patterning the socio-cultural relations of riverside communities in Northern Thailand, or as part of an ecological modernization and economic integration and growth agenda as envisioned by the region’s governments.

Please contact Dr. Carl Middleton for more information.

Citation: Surimas, T. and Middleton, C. (2022) “Ontological Politics of the Resource Frontier: A Hydrosocial Analysis of the Mekong River in Northern Thailand” (pp 28-48) in Tappe, O. and Rowedder, Sand (eds.) Extracting Development: Contested Resource Frontiers in Mainland Southeast Asia. ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute: Singapore

BOOK CHAPTER: Land Commodification, State Formation, and Agrarian Capitalism: The Political Economy of Land Governance in Cambodia

Publication date: September 2022

Publication: Turning Land into Capital: Development and Dispossession in the Mekong Region

Chapter title: Grounding Land Justice: Contested Principles, Processes, and Outcomes

Authors: Jean-Christophe Diepart and Carl Middleton

Editors: Philip Hirsch, Kevin Woods, Natalia Scurrah and Michael B. Dwyer

See more details on the book here.

In Cambodia, the enclosure, commodification and concentration of ownership of agricultural and forest land has accelerated since the 1990s. In the process, smallholder farmers have been pushed into the margins of Cambodia’s national development. Commodification of land in Cambodia is proceeding through three distinct processes. The first process couples the titling of land with the creation of land and credit markets and is most closely associated with the formalization of smallholder land in the country’s lowland agricultural plains. A second process of land commodification relates to Cambodia’s deepening integration into regional agricultural commodity trade, particularly with China, Thailand and Vietnam. The third process is state-sanctioned large-scale economic land concessions (ELCs) that enclose and license large parcels of land and then channel national and transnational investments into such concessions. In this chapter we argue that these three processes of land commodification and capitalization are central characteristics of Cambodia’s particular form of agrarian capitalism and state formation. We show that these processes are neither coherent institutionally nor well-articulated spatially, but none the less are central to Cambodia’s state formation. They sometimes come into conflict with one another and are heavily contested, as seen for example in recent efforts by the State to address tensions between agribusiness companies and smallholder farmers.

Please contact Dr. Carl Middleton for more information.

Citation: Diepart, J-C. and Middleton, C. (2022) “Land Commodification, State Formation, and Agrarian Capitalism: The Political Economy of Land Governance in Cambodia” in Dwyer, M., Hirsch, P., Scurrah, N., and Woods, K. (eds.) Turning Land into Capital: Development and Dispossession in the Mekong Region. University of Washington Press: Seattle.

BOOK CHAPTER: Grounding Land Justice: Contested Principles, Processes, and Outcomes

Publication: Turning Land into Capital: Development and Dispossession in the Mekong Region

Chapter title: Grounding Land Justice: Contested Principles, Processes, and Outcomes

Authors: Carl Middleton and Vanessa Lamb

Editors: Philip Hirsch, Kevin Woods, Natalia Scurrah and Michael B. Dwyer

See more details on the book here.

The relationship between land and society brings much to light about the broader nature of a country’s economy, institutions, and politics, as well as its principles and practices of justice. In the Mekong region, processes of commodification, capitalization, and financialization have fundamentally shaped land tenure and governance from the colonial era to the present day. Presenting historical and contemporary case studies from the region, this chapter examines how processes of distributional, procedural, and recognitional land justice, and the plural and contested principles embedded within them, are key issues at stake in land governance. Intensified land use and deepening power inequalities have led to land exclusions at a range of scales. Most visible has been the extensive dispossession of smallholders as states have designated concessions or state forests on areas that were previously under customary management and use. While not overstating the level of success of land justice movements across the region, the chapter also highlights cases where social movements and civil-society groups have challenged, redressed, or at least mitigated unjust dispossession, and in doing so sought to redress injustices.

Please contact Dr. Carl Middleton for more information.

Citation: Middleton, C. and  Lamb, V. (2022) “Turning Land Justice into Reality: Challenge and Opportunities” in Dwyer, M., Hirsch, P., Scurrah, N., and Woods, K. (eds.) Turning Land into Capital: Development and Dispossession in the Mekong Region. University of Washington Press: Seattle.

BOOK CHAPTER: State, NGOs, and Villagers: How the Thai Environmental Movement Fell Silent

Publication date:
2021

Publication:
Environmental Movements and Politics of the Asian Anthropocene

Chapter Title:
State, NGOs, and Villagers: How the Thai Environmental Movement Fell Silent

Author:
Jakkrit Sangkhamanee

Editors:
Paul Jobin, Ming- sho Ho and Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao

For further details on the book and how to purchase, please visit the book's website here. You can also access the chapter individually from the link above.

Abstract

In this chapter, I shed some light on the dynamism of environmental movements in Thailand, focusing on the shifting relations between keys actors as they seek to situate their political agenda within national environmental politics.

The case of Thailand provides an insight into the important relationship between environmental social movements and political spaces that alternate between the confined and the dynamic. On the one hand, environmental movements can be considered as a driving force in the process of democratization at large, the idea popularized by new social movement scholars during the 1990s and 2000s. On the other hand, the context of political regimes in which environmental movements operate also shapes the nature of their advocating agenda and actions. The dualistic relations between these two spheres of operation often fluctuate, influenced by the changing relations between diverse actors. As this chapter has illustrated, Thailand’s environmental politics during the past few decades can be described as a triangulated relation, fundamentally shaped by the ever-changing state, civil society organizations, and citizens.

BOOK CHAPTER: Flooding disaster, people’s displacement and state response: A case study of Hat Yai Municipality, Thailand

Publication date:
December 2020

Publication:
Climate Change, Disasters, and Internal Displacement in Asia and the Pacific: A Human Rights-Based Approach

Chapter Title:
Flooding disaster, people’s displacement and state response: A case study of Hat Yai Municipality, Thailand

Authors:
Carl Middleton and Orapan Pratomlek

Editors:
Matthew Scott and Albert Salamanca

Read the chapter in Google books here. Learn more about the book here .

For more information about our work, visit our research theme on (Forced) Displacement and Development here , and our research on Flooding Disaster, People’s Displacement and State Response in Hat Yai.

Hat Yai City in Songkhla Province, Southern Thailand has regularly experienced flooding, with major floods most recently in 1988, 2000 and 2010. Each flood caused loss of life, as well as significant economic damage and disruption to people’s lives, including displacement. The government’s response has evolved over time, as has its capacity to respond. Recovery responses in 1988 and 2000 emphasized investment in hard infrastructure (canals and embankments) to redirect flood water around the city, and to manage flood water better within it. The 2010 flood, however, led to the realization that it was not possible to fully “flood-proof” the city, leading to investment in soft infrastructure in an approach that has become known as the ‘Hat Yai model.’ This includes: improved flood warning; and strengthening local government, community, civil society and business capacity to live with floods and manage displacement locally over the several days that flooding occurs.

In this chapter, we critically evaluate the Hat Yai model, with a focus on how it has progressively reduced the extent that displacement occurs during flooding, and how preparedness measures have addressed displacement when it does occur. Our research is based on key informant interviews and indepth community interviews conducted in 2018. Overall, we find that the Hat Yai model demonstrates the positive efforts of the government and non-state actors to improve community resilience and address flood-induced displacement through hard and soft infrastructure means. Yet, there are still unresolved issues including: how the protection of Hat Yai city comes at the expense of prolonged or exacerbated flooding in other areas nearby to the city (i.e. risk redistribution); and that there remain especially marginalized communities in the city who regularly experience flooding with displacement with little state support or prospect for durable solutions.

Please contact Dr. Carl Middleton for more information.

Citation: Middleton, C. and Pratomlek, O. (2021) “Flooding disaster, people’s displacement and state response: A case study of Hat Yai Municipality, Thailand” (pp 57-78) in Climate Change, Disasters, and Internal Displacement in Asia and the Pacific: A Human Rights-Based Approach. Routledge

BOOK CHAPTER: A State of Knowledge of the Salween River: An Overview of Civil Society Research

Publication date:
August 2019

Publication:
Knowing the Salween River: Resource Politics of a Contested Transboundary River

Chapter Title:
A State of Knowledge of the Salween River: An Overview of Civil Society Research

Authors:
Vanessa Lamb, Carl Middleton, Saw John Bright, Saw Tha Phoe, Naw Aye Aye Myaing, Nang Hom Kham, Sai Aum Khay, Nang Sam Paung Hom, Nang Aye Tin, Nang Shining, Yu Xiaogang, Chen Xiangxue, Chayan Vaddhanaphuti

Editors:
Carl Middleton and Vanessa Lamb

You can access the chapter here.

For further details on the book and to purchase, please visit Springer.

For more information about our project Salween Water Governance, please visit here.

This chapter presents an overview of civil society research on Salween, providing an overview of the existing knowledge of the basin and a start to identifying key knowledge gaps in support of more informed, inclusive, and accountable water governance in the basin.

Please contact Dr. Carl Middleton for more information.

Citation: Lamb, V., Middleton, C., Saw John Bright, Saw Tha Phoe, Naw Aye Aye Myaing, Nang Hom Kham, Sai Aum Khay, Nang Sam Paung Hom, Nang Aye Tin, Nang Shining, Yu, X., Chen, X. and Vaddhanaphuti, C. (2019) “A State of Knowledge of the Salween River: An Overview of Civil Society Research” (pp 107-120) in Middleton, C. and Lamb, V. (eds.) Knowing the Salween River: Resource Politics of a Contested Transboundary River. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

BOOK CHAPTER: From Hydropower Construction to National Park Creation: Changing Pathways of the Nu River

Publication date:
August 2019

Publication:
Knowing the Salween River: Resource Politics of a Contested Transboundary River

Chapter Title:
From Hydropower Construction to National Park Creation: Changing Pathways of the Nu River

Authors:
Yu Xiaogang, Chen Xiangxue, Carl Middleton

Editors:
Carl Middleton and Vanessa Lamb

You can access the chapter here.

For further details on the book and to purchase, please visit Springer.

For more information about our project Salween Water Governance, please visit here.

This chapter explores the range of visions for the Nu River and the extent to which they have materialized through exploring five ‘pathways’, namely: The hydropower construction pathway; the civil society river protection pathway; the energy reform pathway; the national park pathway; and the water conservancy pathway.

Please contact Dr. Carl Middleton for more information.

Citation: Yu, X., Chen, X., and Middleton, C. (2019) “From Hydropower Construction to National Park Creation: Changing Pathways of the Nu River” (pp 49-70) in Middleton, C. and Lamb, V. (eds.) Knowing the Salween River: Resource Politics of a Contested Transboundary River. Cham, Switzerland: Springer

BOOK CHAPTER: Hydropower Politics and Conflict on the Salween River

Publication date:
August 2019

Publication:
Knowing the Salween River: Resource Politics of a Contested Transboundary River

Chapter Title:
Hydropower Politics and Conflict on the Salween River

Authors:
Carl Middleton, Alec Scott and Vanessa Lamb

Editors:
Carl Middleton and Vanessa Lamb

You can access the chapter here.

For further details on the book and to purchase, please visit Springer.

For more information about our project Salween Water Governance, please visit here.

This chapter examines the hydropower politics of the Salween River, with a focus on the projects proposed in Myanmar and their connections with neighboring China and Thailand via electricity trade, investment, and regional geopolitics.

Please contact Dr. Carl Middleton for more information.

Citation: Middleton, C., Scott, A. and Lamb, V. (2019) “Chapter 3: Hydropower Politics and Conflict on the Salween River” (pp 27-48) in Middleton, C. and Lamb, V. (eds.) Knowing the Salween River: Resource Politics of a Contested Transboundary River. Cham, Switzerland: Springer

BOOK CHAPTER: Introduction: Resources Politics and Knowing the Salween River

Publication date:
August 2019

Publication:
Knowing the Salween River: Resource Politics of a Contested Transboundary River

Chapter Title:
Introduction: Resources Politics and Knowing the Salween River

Authors:
Vanessa Lamb, Carl Middleton, and Saw Win

Editors:
Carl Middleton and Vanessa Lamb

You can access the chapter here.

For further details on the book and to purchase, please visit Springer.

For more information about our project Salween Water Governance, please visit here.

This chapter provides an overview of key arguments and concepts of the edited volume across three themes: resource politics, politics of making knowledge, and reconciling knowledge across divides.

Please contact Dr. Carl Middleton for more information.

Citation: Lamb, V., Middleton, C. and Saw Win (2019) “Introduction: Resources Politics and Knowing the Salween River” (pp 1-16) in Middleton, C. and Lamb, V. (eds.) Knowing the Salween River: Resource Politics of a Contested Transboundary River. Cham, Switzerland: Springer

BOOK CHAPTER: Knowledge coproduction for recovering wetlands, agro-ecological farming, and livelihoods in the Mekong Region

Publication date:
August 2019

Publication:
Knowledge Co-production for Recovering Wetlands, Agro-ecological Farming and Livelihoods in the Mekong Region

Author:
Carl Middleton, Kanokwan Manorom, Nguyen Van Kien, Outhai Soukkhy and Albert Salamanca

Editors:
Chayanis Krittasudthacheewa, Hap Navy, Bui Duc Tinh, and Saykham Voladet

For further details on the book please visit the book's website here.

You can access the chapter here.

The Mekong Region contains extensive wetlands of high levels of biodiversity that have long provided a wide range of ecosystem services that are equally important to human well-being. In many cases, these wetlands have long been important for agro-ecological production, including rice and vegetable farming, livestock raising, fishing and aquaculture, and the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), thus supporting local livelihoods and economies.

Unfortunately, many wetlands in the Mekong Region have been degraded or even lost, largely due to agricultural intensification, large-scale water infrastructure development, and land use changes associated with urbanization The extensive loss of wetlands is a threat to sustainable economic development through the loss of core ecosystem services that they provide. It also threatens the enjoyment of a range of human rights, including the rights to life, health, food, water and culture. When traditional wetlands agro-ecological practices are lost, so too are the local knowledge and culture associated with them.

Addressing complex problems such as the loss of wetlands requires gathering and activating a range of different types of knowledge, including scientific (expert), local, practical, and political. In this chapter, we present three case studies of knowledge coproduction research in Thailand, Vietnam and Laos aimed at the more inclusive ecological governance of wetlands degraded by largescale water infrastructure and the recovery of associated agro-ecological systems and livelihoods. We consider knowledge coproduction to be the dynamic interaction of multiple actors, each with their own types of knowledge, who coproduce new usable knowledge specific to their environmental, sociopolitical and cultural context and that can influence decision-making and actions on the ground. We argue that the knowledge coproduction approach enables research to move beyond weak forms of “participation” and towards social learning that builds trust, partnership and ownership among actors, and can generate innovative solutions for wetland and livelihood recovery.

Please contact Dr. Carl Middleton for more information.

Citation: Middleton, C., Manorom, K., Nguyen, V.K., Soukkhy, O. and Salamanca, A. (2019) “Knowledge Co-production for Recovering Wetlands, Agro-ecological Farming and Livelihoods in the Mekong Region” (pp 9-34) in Krittasudthacheewa, C., Navy, H., Tinh, B.C. and Voladet, S. (eds). Development and Climate Change in the Mekong Region. SIRD/Gerakbudaya, Malaysia

BOOK CHAPTER: Branding Dams: Nam Theun 2 and its Role in Producing the Discourse of “Sustainable Hydropower”

Publication date:
June 2018

Publication:
Dead in the Water: Global Lessons from the World Bank's Model Hydropower Project in Laos

Author:
Carl Middleton

Editors: Bruce Shoemaker and William Robichaud

For further details on the book please visit the book's website here.

In the 1990s, the global hydropower industry – in particular the industry of Northern countries – was facing a growing crisis of legitimacy. Opponents of large dams grew in numbers and became increasingly vocal, claiming that development benefits were exaggerated. This cumulated in the publication of the World Commission on Dams (WCD) report in 2000, which affirmed many of the opponents’ criticisms.   In this context, the World Bank, seeking a means to once again finance large hydropower, put forward the Nam Theun 2 (NT2) hydropower project as a new, best-practice approach.  Meanwhile, the International Hydropower Association (IHA) sought to counter the WCD with its own sustainability guidelines in 2004 and subsequently a Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol (HSAP) launched in 2011. From this significant and combined effort of large am proponents emerged the policy discourse of “sustainable hydropower,” the purpose of which was to re-legitimize the industry.

This chapter deconstructs how NT2 has been discursively produced as a “brand” and woven in to the “sustainable hydropower” discourse. The chapter argues that in public the World Bank and the hydropower industry have regularly drawn on the NT2 as a model to legitimize their claim that “sustainable hydropower” can exist. Needless to say, this claim is fiercely disputed. Indeed, behind closed doors amongst the project’s proponents and in specialist hydropower industry conferences, more provisos and nuances are considered that bracket the public claims of success. The chapter also addresses how NT2 has been represented in regional and global debates on “sustainable hydropower,” for example in relation to the Hydropower Sustainabilty Assessment Protocol led by the International Hydropower Association. 

Please contact Dr. Carl Middleton for more information.

Citation: Middleton, C. (2018) "Chapter 13: Branding Dams: Nam Theun 2 and its Role in Producing the Discourse of 'Sustainable Hydropower'" (pp 271-292) in Shoemaker, B. and Robichaud, W. (eds.) Dead in the Water: Global Lessons from the World Bank's Model Hydropower Project in Laos. University of Wisconsin Press: Madison.

BOOK CHAPTER: Chapter 5: Living with and against floods in Bangkok and Thailand's central plain

Publication date:
December 2017

Publication:
Living with Floods in a Mobile Southeast Asia: A Political Ecology of Vulnerability, Migration and Environmental Change

Authors:
Naruemon Thabchumpon and Narumon Arunotai

Editors:
Carl Middleton, Rebecca Elmhirst and Supang Chantavanich

For further details on the book and to purchase, please visit are Routledge Press.

For more information about our project Mobile political ecologies of Southeast Asia, please visit here and to view the full policy brief on the book's research, please visit here. 

In this chapter, Naruemon Thabchumpon and Narumon Arunotai present empirical research on the impacts of the major flood in 2011 in Thailand on three urban, one semi-urban and three rural communities. The chapter shows that whilst the rural communities are largely adapted to seasonal flooding, the 2011 flood increased vulnerability due to damage of property and livelihoods. In urban areas, communities were not well prepared and therefore were highly vulnerable. The chapter discusses the contentious politics of how vulnerability was exacerbated by government policy to protect core urban and industrial areas, leaving rural and suburban areas flooded. Thabchumpon and Arunotai nd that in the case studies selected the relationship between flooding and mobility is subtle. For example, some, but not all, rural migrants living in urban areas returned to their rural family homes, where living with floods was more feasible.

Please contact nthabchumpon@gmail.com for more information.